Relationship of pain relief with catastrophizing following interventional pain procedures for low back pain.

INTRODUCTION: Catastrophizing is associated with worse pain outcomes after various procedures suggesting its utility in predicting response. However, the stability of pain catastrophizing as a static predictor has been challenged. We assess, among patients undergoing steroid injections for chronic low back pain (cLBP), whether catastrophizing changes with the clinical response to pain interventions. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled patients undergoing fluoroscopic-guided injections for cLBP. Patients filled out Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) at baseline and 1-month follow-up. We assessed the change in PCS scores from pre-injection to post-injection and examined its predictors. We also examined the correlation of various domains of BPI, such as pain severity and effect on Relationships, Enjoyment, and Mood (REM), with PCS scores at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: 128 patients were enrolled. Mean (SD) PCS and pain severity scores at baseline were 22.38 (±13.58) and 5.56 (±1.82), respectively. Follow-up PCS and pain severity scores were 19.76 (±15.25) and 4.42 (±2.38), respectively. The change in PCS pre-injection to post-injection was not significant (p=0.12). Multiple regression models revealed baseline PCS and REM domain of BPI as the most important predictors of change in PCS after injection. Pain severity, activity-related pain, age, sex, insurance status, depression, prior surgery, opioid use, or prior interventions did not predict change in PCS score. In correlation analysis, change in PCS was moderately correlated with change in pain (r=0.38), but weakly correlated with baseline pain in all pain domains. CONCLUSIONS: PCS showed non-significant improvement following steroid injections; the study was not powered for this outcome. Follow-up PCS scores were predicted by the REM domain of BPI, rather than pain severity. Larger studies are needed to evaluate a statistically significant and clinically meaningful change in catastrophizing scores following pain interventions.

A Survey Study of Surgeons and Anesthesiologists Regarding Perioperative Multimodal Analgesia for Opioid-Tolerant Patients.

PURPOSE: Perioperative pain management of opioid-tolerant patients can be challenging. Although regional anesthesia and multimodal analgesics may be beneficial, these modalities are often underused. It is unclear whether practice patterns for perioperative pain management are determined by the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of surgeons and anesthesiologists. DESIGN: Descriptive survey. METHODS: Using a Qualtrics survey, we polled a randomly selected group of 25 surgeons and 25 anesthesiologists regarding their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices for pain management in an opioid-tolerant patient. FINDINGS: Of 25, 23 anesthesiologists and 18/25 surgeons responded to the survey. Demographics were similar between the 2 groups. Most of the participant surgeons and anesthesiologists believed that pain management may be challenging in an opioid-tolerant patient. However, only 56% of surgeons would recommend a preoperative pain consultation. Most surgeons and anesthesiologists believed in the efficacy of regional anesthetics. However, 43% of surgeons would not advocate for a regional block, perhaps due to their perception of the added perioperative time. Multimodal analgesics were widely accepted by both surgeons and anesthesiologists. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need to reinforce the importance of patient-centered care, with a specific focus on addressing knowledge gaps and improving perceptions for all the members of the team, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, and perioperative nursing teams, if optimal outcomes are to be achieved for our patients.

Pain Management in the Elderly: A Narrative Review.

With the increase in life expectancy in the United States, octogenarians and nonagenarians are more frequently seen in clinical practice. The elderly patients have multiple preexisting comorbidities and are on multiple medications, which can make pain management complex. Moreover, the elderly population often suffers from chronic pain related to degenerative processes, making medical management challenging. In this review, the authors collated available evidence for best practices for pain management in the elderly.

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Management: A Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Peripheral nerve stimulation has seen a recent upsurge in utilization for various chronic pain conditions, specifically from a neuropathic etiology, where a single peripheral nerve can be pinpointed as a culprit for pain. RECENT FINDINGS: There is conflicting evidence about the efficacy and long-term outcomes of peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain, with most studies being small sized. The focus of this article is to review available evidence for the utilization of peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain syndromes as well as upcoming evidence in the immediate postoperative realm. The indications for the use of PNS have expanded from neuropathic pain such as occipital neuralgia and post-amputation pain, to more widespread disease processes such as chronic low back pain. Percutaneous PNS delivered over a 60-day period may provide significant carry-over effects including pain relief, potentially avoiding the need for a permanently implanted system while enabling improved function in patients with chronic pain.

Analgesia for Gynecologic Oncologic Surgeries: A Narrative Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gynecologic oncologic malignancies are amongst the most common cancers affecting women across the world. This narrative review focuses on the current state of evidence around optimal perioperative pain management of patients undergoing surgeries for gynecologic malignancies with a specific focus on cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). RECENT FINDINGS: Recent improvements in postoperative pain management following all types of gynecologic procedures, including minimally invasive, open-abdominal, or CRS + HIPEC, have been implemented through enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols. These protocols encompass the use of preemptive analgesia, neuraxial and regional techniques, local anesthetic infiltration, and multimodal analgesia. The severity of postoperative pain varies for minimally invasive cancer surgery to open debulking procedures. Therefore, an individualized perioperative analgesic plan is critical depending on the surgical approach. For CRS + HIPEC, neuraxial techniques such as thoracic epidurals and opioid sparing multimodal analgesics have shown efficacy in the perioperative period. However, future research is needed as many of these patients develop chronic pain with very limited research done in this realm.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: Opioid Sparing Strategies After Discharge: A Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Many surgical subspecialties have developed enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols that focus on multimodal analgesia to limit opioid use during a hospital stay and improve patient recovery. Unfortunately, ERAS protocols do not extend to post-discharge patient care, and opioids continue to be over prescribed. The primary reason seems to be a lack of good quality research evaluating extended use of a multimodal analgesic approach. This review was undertaken to evaluate available evidence for non-opioid analgesics in the postoperative period after discharge, utilizing Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. RECENT FINDINGS: Several studies have explored strategies to reduce the overprescribing of opioids after surgery without worsening postoperative pain scores or complications. However, these studies do not necessarily reflect on situations where an ultra-restrictive protocol may fail, leading to breakthrough pain. Ultra-restrictive opioid protocols, therefore, could risk undertreatment of acute pain and the development of persistent post-surgical pain, highlighting the need for a review of non-opioid strategies. Our findings show that little research has been conducted on the efficacy of non-opioid therapies post-discharge including acetaminophen, NSAIDs, gabapentin, duloxetine, venlafaxine, tizanidine, valium, and oral ketamine. Further studies are warranted to more precisely evaluate the utility of these agents, specifically for their side effect profile and efficacy in improving pain-control and function while limiting opioid use.

Patterns of Use of Opioid Sparing Adjuncts for Perioperative Pain Management of Patients on Chronic Opioids.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative pain management of patients on chronic opioids is challenging. Although experts recommend regional anesthesia and multimodal analgesics for their opioid sparing effects, their use and predictors of use are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To examine the patterns and predictors of use of regional anesthesia and multimodal analgesics for perioperative pain control of patients on chronic opioids. A secondary objective was to examine the association of patient and surgical factors with 24-hour postoperative opioid use. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cross sectional. SETTING: Single center tertiary care academic hospital. METHODS: We studied patients with chronic opioid use undergoing painful operations such as abdominal, gynecologic, breast, orthopedic, spine, amputation, and laparoscopic surgeries. Chronic opioid use was identified using the narcotic score - a score generated from the state prescription drug monitoring database via the NarxCare platform. A narcotic score >= 320 corresponding to a preoperative home dose of approximately 40 milligram morphine equivalents (MMEs) daily, was chosen as a cutoff since the risk of overdose death increases above 40 MMEs. We reported the use of regional anesthesia and >= 3 multimodal analgesics in this cohort (n = 155) and examined the association of this use with patient and surgical factors such as preoperative narcotic score, age, race, comorbidity index, operative timetime, and intraoperative opioid use. In addition, we examined the association of patient and surgical factors with 24-hour postoperative opioid use. RESULTS: Out of 2470 patients undergoing painful surgeries between July 2017and- December 2018, 155 patients had a narcotic score >= 320. The median narcotic score was 411 (interquartile range (IQR) 351-520), the median preoperative home MME dose was 67.5 (IQR 32-180) mg daily. Regional anesthesia was used in only 9.7% of cases and was associated with intraoperative opioid used, but not the preoperative narcotic score. Patients receiving 1 SD more MMEs intraoperatively had a higher odds of receiving regional anesthesia (OR = 1.57, 95% CI [1.06, 2.32]). Three or more multimodals were used in 83% of cases. Every 10-point increase in narcotic score and every additional hour of operative time was associated with higher odds of receiving >= 3 multimodals (OR = 1.05, 95% CI [1.00, 1.11] and OR = 1.49, 95% CI [1.11, 1.99] respectively). Total 24 hour post-operative opioid dose was associated with narcotic score, with an 8.6 higher mean MME for every 10-point increase in narcotic score (mean difference = 8.6, 95% CI [4.1, 13.1]). It was also moderately associated with age, where patients an year older received 4.7 MMEs less (mean difference = - 4.7, 95% CI [-9.3, -0.5]). LIMITATIONS: This was a single center retrospective observational study. We could not adjust for inter-physician or inter-surgery effect on use of regional anesthesia or multimodal analgesics. Since this was one of the first studies to use narcotic scores to identify patients on chronic opioids, comparing the outcomes of interest to a control group was beyond the scope of the current study. Narcotic scores need to be validated to identify chronic opioid use. CONCLUSIONS: Despite consensus guidelines, regional anesthesia remains underutilized. Multimodals are used frequently and are modestly associated with preoperative narcotic scores.

The COVID-19 vaccine and interventional procedures: Exploring the relationship between steroid administration and subsequent vaccine efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: Collate available evidence and provide guidance on whether to delay steroid injections after receiving a vaccine, and whether to delay vaccination if a recent steroid injection has been administered, leaving formal recommendations to various national societies. METHODS: A literature search was performed to identify information pertinent to steroid administration and the subsequent downstream effects on vaccine efficacy. The search was initiated on December 20, 2020, and the terms used were (steroid OR cortisone OR dexamethasone) AND (vaccine). The studies were limited to articles in the English language. RESULTS: Six studies specifically addressed the effect of steroids on vaccine efficacy. Three of the 6 studies indicated that steroids could be used during the peri-vaccine period without significant suppression of the immune response. One study associated intra-articular steroid injections with an increased risk of developing influenza even when vaccinated. The remaining 2 studies had mixed findings. One study showed that patients who received dexamethasone, but not prednisolone were able to mount an immune response resulting in increased IgG. Another study showed that vaccine efficacy was maintained if patients were on continuous steroids or steroids after vaccination, but not if they stopped steroids prior to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is no shared consensus in the studies reviewed, all but one study noted scenarios in which patients receiving steroids can still be successfully vaccinated.

Pain Control in Dermatologic Conditions.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pain management in dermatologic conditions can be complicated by the primary disease burden and associated decreased quality of life, disability, and psychosocial issues. This review focuses on pain management strategies in some of the more painful dermatologic conditions. RECENT FINDINGS: Pain management in painful dermatologic conditions such as pyoderma gangrenosum, postherpetic neuralgia, lower limb ulcers, and hidradenitis suppurativa revolves around treatment of the underlying disease process. Topical agents such as topical steroids and systemic immunosuppressants with over-the-counter analgesics usually suffice in mild to moderate pain. Severe pain may need neuropathic agents and referral to interventional pain physicians for consideration of advanced techniques such as epidural steroid injections and sympathetic nerve blocks. Part of the treatment process is for dermatologists to establish patient expectations and to treat pain within their scope of practice. More research is needed towards pain control in painful dermatologic conditions with elucidation of treatment algorithms unique to each condition.

Pain Management in Painful Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthropathy: Challenging and Intricately Intertwined Issues Involving Several Systems.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy are inflammatory autoimmune conditions that can lead to profound emotional distress, social stigmatization, isolation, disfigurement, pain, disability, unemployment, and decreased quality of life. Thus, this disease has immense psychological, social, and economic implications as the pain experienced is closely associated with the primary disease burden. This review focuses on discussing the primary disease burden of psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy, as well as management of different types of pain in these patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Pain affects over 40% of patients with psoriasis, ranging from neuropathic to nociceptive. Treatment of pain largely focuses on treating the underlying disease with mild topical steroids and non-steroidal medications including vitamin D analogs followed by systemic immunomodulatory agents for more severe disease. Interventional options such as corticosteroid injections are available for select cases (conditional recommendation). Psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy have been associated with underreporting and resultant undertreatment of pain. Pain control in these conditions is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach. More research and guidelines are needed in the areas of reporting of psoriatic disease, associated pain, psoriatic nociception, and optimal clinical management.

Does Choice of Steroid Matter for Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain with Sacroiliac Joint Injections: a Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Prevalence of chronic low back pain (cLBP) is increasing. Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a common source of cLBP, but data behind its diagnosis and treatment is controversial. There is moderate quality evidence for effectiveness of therapeutic SIJ injections. However, there are no studies comparing the two most common steroid preparations, methylprednisolone (MTP) and triamcinolone (TAC) in SIJ injections. RECENT FINDINGS: After institutional IRB approval, a retrospective chart review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of SIJ injections in terms of pain relief at 1-month follow-up and compare MTP versus TAC. All injections were performed by a single pain physician with fluoroscopic guidance. RESULTS: Sixty-five percent of patients in the MTP group and 57% patients in the TAC group had >50% pain relief at 1-month follow-up, with no statistical difference between the two groups. Patients in the TAC group had significantly greater BMI and consisted of higher proportion of smokers (72% patients in TAC group versus 39% patients in the MTP group, p-value 0.004). Other sources of pain such as facet joints were unmasked post-procedurally after SIJ injections, with this unmasking being significant for the TAC group. Opiate use decreased in the MTP group from 35% pre-procedurally to 20% post-procedurally, and this difference did not reach statistical significance. Both MTP and TAC are effective in providing pain relief for SIJ pain at 1-month follow-up, with no statistical difference between the two types of steroids. Although not statistically significant, there is a modest reduction in opiate use in the MTP group.

Acute Pain Management of Chronic Pain Patients in Ambulatory Surgery Centers.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With the widespread growth of ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs), the number and diversity of operations performed in the outpatient setting continue to increase. In parallel, there is an increase in the proportion of patients with a history of chronic opioid use and misuse undergoing elective surgery. Patients with such opioid tolerance present a unique challenge in the ambulatory setting, given their increased requirement for postoperative opioids. Guidelines for managing perioperative pain, anticipating postoperative opioid requirements and a discharge plan to wean off of opioids, are therefore needed. RECENT FINDINGS: Expert guidelines suggest using multimodal analgesia including non-opioid analgesics and regional/neuraxial anesthesia whenever possible. However, there exists variability in care, resulting in challenges in perioperative pain management. In a recent study of same-day admission patients, anesthesiologists correctly identified most opioid-tolerant patients, but used non-opioid analgesics only half the time. The concept of a focused ambulatory pain specialist on site at each ASC has been suggested, who in addition to providing safe anesthesia, could intervene early once problematic pain issues are recognized. This review focuses on perioperative pain management in three subsets of patients who exhibit opioid tolerance: those on large doses of opioids (including abuse-deterrent formulations) for chronic non-malignant or malignant pain; those who have ongoing opioid misuse; and those who were prior addicts and are now on methadone/suboxone maintenance. We also discuss perioperative pain management for patients who have implanted devices such as spinal cord stimulators and intrathecal pain pumps.

It Is Just a Blood Patch: Considerations for Patients with Preexisting Intracranial Hypertension.

Epidural blood patches are routine procedures interventional pain physicians perform for postdural puncture headaches (PDPH), whether it be due to the inadvertent wet tap from an epidural or a diagnostic lumbar puncture. Typically, these patients are relatively healthy and an epidural is relatively straightforward. However, there are cases complicated by a neurologic history such as benign intracranial hypertension. Here, we present a case of a patient with benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) that suffered a postdural puncture headache after a diagnostic lumbar puncture, with no documented opening pressure, continued on acetazolamide. There have only been a small number of documented cases of BIH complicated by PDPH. We discuss the medical management of BIH, how it can exacerbate a postdural puncture headache, our definitive management with an epidural blood patch, and our concerns of rebound intracranial hypertension. We demonstrate that treatment of PDPH in BIH is best managed with image-guided blood patches, with smaller volume of autologous blood, and at a slower rate.

Correlation between spinous process dimensions and ease of spinal anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Neuraxial anaesthesia, despite being a common technique, may pose some technical challenges leading to complications such as post-dural puncture headache, trauma to neural structures and neuraxial haematoma. We hypothesised that the interspinous gap (ISG) and the spinous process width (SPW) could be used as objective measures to predict ease of access to the neuraxial space. METHODS: Two hundred and two consecutive patients scheduled to have spinal anaesthesia for various surgical procedures were enrolled prospectively after institutional approval. Following proper positioning for the neuraxial blockade, the ISG and SPW at the intended level were measured with calipers. The number of attempts, and redirections at the selected spinal level, and the number of levels required for successful needle placement were also recorded. RESULTS: Group-wise analysis of the data into patients requiring >1 attempt, >1 level and ≥3 redirections showed that the single independent predictor of a difficult neuraxial block was the ISG. Twenty-three percent of the patients required more than one attempt, with a mean gap of 6.35 (±1.2) mm, in contrast to 8.15 (±2.4) mm in those with a single attempt (P=0.000). In addition, 16% of the patients needed more than one level, with a mean gap of 6.03 (±2.01) mm in contrast to 8.07 (±2.37) mm for a single level (P=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The single independent predictor of ease or difficulty during spinal anaesthesia was the ISG (P=0.000).

Painful neuromas.

OBJECTIVES: To perform a topical review of the published literature on painful neuromas. METHODS: A MEDLINE search was performed using the MESH terms "neuroma", "pain", "diagnosis", and "treatment" for all dates. RESULTS: Acoustic neuromas and intraabdominal neuromas were excluded from a total of 7616 articles. The reference lists from these articles were further reviewed to obtain other relevant articles. DISCUSSION: Neuromas develop as part of a normal reparative process following peripheral nerve injury. Painful neuromas can induce intense pain resulting in immense suffering and disability. MRI aids the diagnosis, but, ultrasound imaging allows cost effective accurate diagnosis and localization of neuromas by demonstrating their direct contiguity with the nerve of origin. Management options for painful neuromas include pharmacotherapy, prosthetic adjustments, steroid injection, chemical neurolysis, cryoablation, and radiofrequency ablation. Ultrasound imaging guidance has improved the success in localizing and targeting the neuromas. This review discusses the patho-physiology and accumulated evidence for various therapies and the current percutaneous interventional management options for painful neuromas.

YouTube as a source of information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

OBJECTIVE: Widespread knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critical to improving survival in sudden cardiac death. We analyzed YouTube, an Internet video-site which is a growing source of healthcare information for source, content and quality of information about CPR. METHODS: YouTube was queried using keywords "CPR", "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation", "BLS" and "Basic life support". Videos in English demonstrating CPR technique were included. Videos were classified by upload source, content, structure of course, subject for CPR demonstration, etc. Videos were scored for 'accuracy of demonstration' of CPR steps on a scale of 0-8 and for 'viewability'. RESULTS: Of 800 videos screened 52 met the inclusion criteria with mean duration of 233 (±145)s and view count 37 (±77) per day. 48% (n = 25) videos were by individuals with unspecified credentials. No differences were noted in view count/day, 'accuracy of demonstration' and 'viewability' among videos based on source. No information was provided about scene safety assessment in 65% (n = 34) videos. Only 69% (n = 31/45) videos demonstrated the correct compression-ventilation ratio while 63.5% (n = 33), 34.6% (n = 18) and 40.4% (n = 21) gave information on location, rate and depth of chest compressions respectively. 19% (n = 10) videos incorrectly recommended checking for pulse. CONCLUSION: Videos judged the best source for CPR information were not the ones most viewed. Information on this platform is unregulated, hence content by trusted sources should be posted to provide accurate and easily accessible information about CPR. YouTube may have a potential role in video-assisted learning of CPR and as source of information for CPR in emergencies.

Survey of the effective exercise habits of the formerly obese.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients must subscribe to behavioral and lifestyle modifications for continued success after weight loss surgery (WLS). Few data exist about the ideal type, duration, and intensity of exercise for WLS patients. After surgery, should we mandate that patients exercise like a young, lean individual does? To reconcile this, we compared the exercise habits of successful bariatric surgery patients with physically fit controls. METHODS: One hundred individuals were enrolled. The operative group (OG) included 50 laparoscopic Roux-Y gastric bypass patients (LRYGB) who achieved excess weight loss of at least 80% one year after the surgery. The control group (CG) included 50 individuals of normal BMI who exercised regularly and did not undergo LRYGB. The exercise habits were compared using Fisher's exact and Mantel-Haenszel chi square tests. RESULTS: The 2 groups had equivalent BMIs (24.7 vs. 23.4 kg/m(2)). The OG was older (39.5 years) than the CG (26.2 years). There was a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding cardiovascular exercise, 80% walking (OG) vs. 60% running (CG). OG patients exercised longer and with similar frequency as CG did. A high proportion of CG lifted weights (86%) vs. OG (44%). Sixty percent of CG performed recreational sports compared with 34% of OG. CONCLUSION: Regular exercise is of utmost importance in maximizing and maintaining weight loss after WLS. Although patients who undergo WLS are older than the typical exercise enthusiast, they can achieve excellent weight loss and sustain a normal BMI with regular exercise habits that are quite distinct from younger individuals whose bodies were never undermined by obesity.